Marijuana Use During Pregnancy: Risks, Research, & Realities
Updated March 2025
Marijuana use during pregnancy is a topic that has received more attention in recent years. With the increasing legalization and social acceptance of marijuana, more pregnant women are curious about its effects on their bodies and their unborn children.
In this blog by Dr. Susan Landers explains what marijuana is, how it affects your pregnancy, and what research shows. We will also look at common misconceptions and provide information on safer alternatives and support for expecting mothers. Moreover, find a special section on marijuana use during breastfeeding.
Marijuana and Its Components: Basics Explained
What is Marijuana?
Marijuana is a plant that has been used for both medicinal and recreational purposes. The dried leaves and flowers are typically smoked, vaporized, or ingested in various forms. In recent years, the use of marijuana has become more widespread due to its legalization in many places. The plant contains chemicals that have different effects on the body.
Main Components
Marijuana has many compounds, but two of the most important are THC and CBD.
- THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol): THC is the substance in marijuana that makes people feel high. It binds to receptors in the brain and changes how a person feels, thinks, and moves.
- CBD (Cannabidiol): CBD does not make people feel high. It is used by some people for relief from pain or anxiety. However, CBD can also have other effects on the body.
Learn the Difference Between THC and CBD
THC and CBD interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which regulates many functions. Understanding these components is essential when we discuss their effects during pregnancy.
Higher THC Content in Today’s Marijuana
Over the past few decades, the concentration of THC has risen significantly. In the 1980s, THC levels averaged around 3%. By the 1990s, this increased to 4%. Today, cannabis in the United States, both legal and illegal, even exceeds 90% in some products.
This increase is attributed to advanced cultivation techniques and selective breeding aimed at producing more potent strains. As a result, modern marijuana is considerably stronger than that used in previous decades.
Prevalence of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy
Statistical Overview
Recent surveys and studies show that marijuana use among pregnant women has increased over the last decade. Researchers report that a growing number of women use marijuana during pregnancy for various reasons.
Although exact numbers differ from one study to another, some findings indicate that anywhere from 3% to 7% of pregnant women have used marijuana. Some reports even show that the rate is higher among certain groups.
Trends indicate that as marijuana becomes legal and more accepted, more women may choose to use it. However, this change also calls for better education on the possible risks for both mother and baby.
Reasons for Use
There are several reasons why some pregnant women choose to use marijuana. Here are a few common ones:
- Relief from Nausea and Vomiting: Many women experience morning sickness during pregnancy. Marijuana is often used for this.
- Stress and Anxiety: Pregnancy brings many changes and worries. Some women use marijuana to treat anxiety and feel calmer.
- Pain Management: In cases of chronic pain, a few women may consider marijuana as an alternative to traditional pain medications.
- Perceptions of Safety: With more and more legalization and media coverage, some pregnant women find marijuana to be safe for use during pregnancy.
Although some women find temporary relief, the long-term risks of using marijuana during pregnancy are still being studied.
Current Research in Marijuana Use During Pregnancy
Facts on Possible Risks of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy
Impact on Fetal Development
One of the most pressing issues with marijuana use during pregnancy is its impact on the developing baby. THC, the active ingredient, can cross the placenta and enter the baby’s bloodstream. Here are some important considerations:
- Fetal Brain Development: The baby’s brain is sensitive to chemicals. Some studies suggest that exposure to THC might affect brain development. This could lead to changes in behavior and learning abilities later in life.
- Lower Birth Weight: Research has found that babies exposed to marijuana in the womb have a lower birth weight. A low birth weight can lead to further health issues.
- Altered Neural Pathways: Exposure to marijuana may affect the way neural pathways develop in the brain. This may contribute to problems with attention and memory later in childhood.
While more research is needed to understand these effects fully, the possible risks are serious enough to be cautious.
Pregnancy Complications
Marijuana use during pregnancy can also bring about other complications for both the mother and the baby.
- Higher Risk of Preterm Birth: Some research shows that marijuana use might be linked to preterm birth, meaning the baby is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy.
- Risk of Stillbirth: There is some evidence to suggest that marijuana use could increase the risk of stillbirth.
- Other Complications: There is ongoing research to determine if marijuana use is connected to pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and other complications. While the results are not conclusive, these risks are indeed concerning.
Long-Term Child Outcomes
The possible effects of marijuana use during pregnancy might not be immediately visible at birth. They may appear later as the child grows and develops.
- Behavioral Challenges: Some studies indicate that children exposed to marijuana in utero may face behavioral challenges. This includes difficulties with attention and increased impulsivity.
- Cognitive Development: There are concerns that marijuana exposure could lead to problems with learning and memory. These effects might not be obvious until the child starts school.
The uncertainty surrounding these long-term effects is one reason why many experts recommend against marijuana use during pregnancy.
Limitations and Gaps in Research
Despite the growing body of research, many questions remain unanswered. Here are a few challenges researchers face:
- Ethical Factors: It is difficult to conduct controlled studies on pregnant women due to ethical concerns. Researchers often rely on self-reported data, which may not be entirely accurate.
- Confounding Factors: Many studies have to account for other factors such as alcohol, tobacco use, and socioeconomic status. These factors can also influence pregnancy outcomes, making it hard to isolate the effects of marijuana.
- Longitudinal Research Needed: More long-term studies are needed to track the health and development of children exposed to marijuana in utero. These studies can provide a clearer picture of the long-term risks.
The limitations in current research underscore the need for more research and caution when it comes to marijuana use during pregnancy.
Realities and Misconceptions
Societal Perceptions vs. Scientific Evidence
There are many ideas about marijuana use during pregnancy that do not always match what science tells us. Let’s look at some common misconceptions and understand the truth:
- “Marijuana is Completely Safe”: Some people believe that because marijuana is natural, it cannot be harmful. However, the fact that it is natural does not guarantee that it is safe for a developing baby.
- “Legalization Means Safety”: The trend toward legalizing marijuana may lead people to think it is safe for everyone, including pregnant women. However, legal does not always mean safe, especially when it comes to the health of a fetus.
- “A Little Won’t Hurt”: Many believe that occasional use won’t have any serious effects. Research shows that even small amounts of THC can reach the baby through the placenta.
Medical Community’s Stance
Major health organizations have shared their views on marijuana use during pregnancy. Here’s what some say:
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): The CDC advises that pregnant women avoid marijuana. They note that the risks to the developing baby are not well understood but are concerning.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG): ACOG recommends that women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant refrain from using marijuana. They emphasize that more research is needed to fully understand the effects on the baby.
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP): AAP advises against marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding, highlighting potential risks to fetal and child development. For more information, visit HealthyChildren.org, the AAP’s parenting website, which offers resources on this topic.
Alternatives and Support for Pregnant Women
Safe Alternatives for Managing Pregnancy Symptoms
Marijuana is used to manage pregnancy symptoms like nausea, anxiety, and pain. Fortunately, there are other safer methods (a must-follow for all women):
- Dietary Changes: Adjust your diet to reduce nausea. Eat small, frequent meals to keep your blood sugar stable.
- Ginger and Herbal Teas: Some women find relief with ginger tea or peppermint tea. These natural remedies have been used for centuries to ease nausea.
- Acupuncture and Acupressure: These traditional methods may help relieve symptoms like nausea and anxiety. Some studies show that acupuncture can be effective for pregnant women.
- Prescription Medications: In some cases, doctors may recommend pregnancy-safe medications. Always seek advice from your healthcare provider before starting any medication.
- Relaxation Techniques: Practices such as deep breathing, meditation, and prenatal yoga can help manage stress and anxiety. These techniques not only help with mental health but can also improve overall pregnancy health.
Resources and Support Systems
Pregnancy is challenging, but the right support helps a lot:
- Prenatal Classes: These classes provide healthy pregnancy practices in nutrition, exercise, and symptom management.
- Support Groups: Join a support group for pregnant women. Share your experiences and get advice from others going through similar issues.
- Counseling Services: If you are struggling with anxiety or stress, talk to a counselor or therapist who specializes in prenatal care.
- Online Resources: Many reputable websites provide information on pregnancy and substance use. Organizations like the CDC, ACOG, AAP, and local health departments offer up-to-date information and advice.
- Healthcare Provider Consultations: Regular visits to your healthcare provider are a must. They can answer your questions, monitor your pregnancy, and suggest resources as per your needs.
Remember, you are not alone. People are there to help you and guide you through pregnancy.
Special Section: Marijuana Use During Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding provides many benefits for both mother and baby, such as better nutrition, fewer infections, and a lower risk of allergies and asthma.
However, when a mother uses marijuana, it affects the baby’s health and development. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) advises that breastfeeding mothers should avoid and/or reduce marijuana use.
How Marijuana Affects Breastfeeding?
- THC Transfer: Harmful chemicals like THC present in marijuana can enter breast milk.
- Long-Lasting Presence: THC can remain in breast milk for up to six weeks after use, meaning the baby may be exposed to it long after the mother has consumed marijuana.
- Impact on Motor Development: Studies suggest that exposure to THC through breast milk may impair an infant’s motor development.
Hence, for the well-being of your baby, you must avoid marijuana use during breastfeeding.
Conclusion
Marijuana use during pregnancy is a topic that needs careful consideration and ongoing discussion. Current research suggests that possible risks to fetal development, pregnancy complications, and long-term outcomes for children are significant enough to advise caution. As laws change and social acceptance grows, it’s more important than ever for pregnant women to have accurate, science-based information.
Ultimately, it’s essential to make informed choices for a healthy future for both you and your baby. For the best outcomes, completely avoid marijuana use during pregnancy, consider healthier alternatives, and consult your doctor when you have questions or concerns.
Learn About Other Substances’ Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What are the effects of marijuana use during pregnancy?
Marijuana use during pregnancy may harm fetal brain development, leading to low birth weight, premature birth, and learning or behavior problems later in life. Since THC crosses the placenta, it can interfere with normal growth and brain function.
What are the alternatives to marijuana use during pregnancy?
Safer alternatives to marijuana use during pregnancy depend on the reason for use. For nausea, ginger or vitamin B6 may help. Prenatal yoga, massage, and physical therapy can relieve pain. For stress and sleep issues, mindfulness, therapy, or pregnancy-safe medications may be better options. Seek medical advice before trying alternatives.
What is the prevalence of marijuana use during pregnancy?
Studies show that 4-7% of pregnant women use marijuana, though the actual number may be higher due to underreporting. Many use it for morning sickness, anxiety, or pain relief. However, health experts warn against it due to the multiple risks involved.
Can marijuana cause low birth weight?
Yes, research suggests that marijuana use during pregnancy can lead to low birth weight. Babies born with low birth weight face a higher risk of complications, including difficulty feeding, poor temperature regulation (inability to stay warm), and weakened immunity.
Is CBD safe for pregnancy?
There isn’t enough research to confirm if CBD is safe during pregnancy. Some CBD products may contain THC or harmful contaminants. The FDA advises pregnant women to avoid CBD. So always consult your doctor before use.
If I smoke marijuana, will it get into my breast milk?
Yes, THC can pass from your bloodstream into your breast milk, exposing your baby to its effects. Studies confirm that THC is present in breast milk after marijuana use.
Is marijuana safer than tobacco while breastfeeding?
No, marijuana is not safer. Research shows that smoking marijuana can lead to higher carbon monoxide levels compared to tobacco, which may reduce the oxygen available for your baby.
What do I need to know about secondhand marijuana smoke?
Secondhand marijuana smoke can also expose you and your baby to THC. If you’re around marijuana smoke, the chemicals can enter your bloodstream and, eventually, your fetus or breast milk.
What are the harmful effects of using substances during pregnancy and breastfeeding?
Using substances in pregnancy may lead to a baby being born with low weight, early delivery, developmental delays, and problems like fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). During breastfeeding, these substances can pass into the milk, causing the baby to become drowsy, feed poorly, become irritable, and face developmental issues. For mothers, substance use can cloud judgment, lead to dependency, and diminish their ability to care for their children.
What substances are harmful during pregnancy and breastfeeding?
The following substances can be harmful when used during pregnancy and breastfeeding:
- Alcohol: Can result in developmental delays and FASDs, and disrupt the baby’s sleep patterns.
- Marijuana: May impair brain development and cause cognitive and behavioral problems.
- Nicotine: Can reduce oxygen supply to the baby and is linked to low birth weight, early birth, and an increased risk of SIDS.
- Caffeine: Excess amounts might interfere with the baby’s sleep and digestion.
- Illegal Drugs: Substances like cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamines can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms, developmental delays, and later behavioral issues.
How can I manage my marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding?
You can manage marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding in the following ways:
- Consult Doctors: Seek advice from a healthcare professional.
- Find Support: Join counseling sessions or support groups to quit harmful substances like marijuana.
- Choose Alternatives: Consider safer substitutes, such as decaf coffee or stress-reducing activities.
- Monitor Your Baby: Keep an eye on your child for any unusual behaviors and consult a doctor if required.
- Stay Informed: Learn about the risks and safe practices to protect your baby’s health.
Can occasional marijuana use during pregnancy harm my baby?
Even occasional marijuana use during pregnancy can expose the fetus to THC, which may interfere with brain development and increase the risk of long-term cognitive and behavioral issues. Therefore, it is safest to avoid marijuana completely.
